canon of the old testament summary

These vv. No conclusion can fairly be based on this passage. No Intention of Writing the New Testament II. poets, and these are not to be considered as thereby denominated inspired books. The source for Manasseh is the book of the kings of Israel (i.e., Judah since Israel had fallen).

The other books above mentioned and also these two were debated before and after. A further point must be made. The idea of a finished Old Testament canon was spoken by both biblical and nonbiblical sources. The men had hundreds of scrolls of the OT books, fragments of which remain. From all of these considerations, it appears that the idea of a canonization of the OT in the three stages of the Law at 400 b.c., the eight books of the Prophets at 200 b.c. These three divisions are given in the Talmud listing of Baba Bathra (14b-15a). This may be admitted, but who in Israel would be more apt to know such lit. It is interesting to observe that Jeremiah stops his quotation from Numbers just before the reference to Sihon which is applicable to the early time but not to Jeremiah’s day. Ulrich's article defines "canon]" as follows: "...the definitive list of inspired, authoritative books which constitute the recognized and accepted body of sacred scripture of a major religious group, that definitive list being the result of inclusive and exclusive decisions after a serious deliberation". 337). The Jews still maintained the scroll form for many of their copies. Christ’s teaching and work guarantee to the Church the possibility of a real factual revelation from God, and also that the OT canon embodies that very revelation as Scripture. Most of these died in a foreign land. The authors wrote inspired by the Divine Spirit, and the church ever since--Jewish and Christian alike--has been inspired to recognize the authoritative character of their writings. criticism, he adopted the view that the three divisions were original, and originated from three types of authorship: “The threefold division of the Hebrew canon rests, not upon the nature of the contents of the several books, but upon the personality of the writers. F.F. after the apostles. How then does it refer so frequently to the first four books, the Tetrateuch and the P document supposedly written after the Exile? There is no extra-Biblical lit. This is an assumption of a piece with the idea that the later threefold Talmud division was identical with the earlier. Although the Early Church primarily used the Greek translation of the Jewish Scriptures, the Septuagint or LXX, or the Targums among Aramaic speakers, the Apostles did not otherwise leave a defined set of new scriptures. What this very peculiar oriental expression may have originally signified no one definitely knows. Cyril became bishop of Jerusalem after 350; was a champion of orthodoxy who knew Athanasius well. In this opinion Green claims the support of Dillmann (partially), Hengstenberg, Keil and others, although it is not propounded in Keil’s discussion on the canon in his Introduction to the OT. B.

The rise of certain heresies occasioned the need for defining a New Testament canon. Of course, the twelve minor prophets were, for convenience’ sake, written on one scroll which evidently had been the practice since before 180 b.c., the time of Ecclesiasticus (Ecclus 49:10). and it was composed in Judah or Israel. In the New Testament the word "Scriptures" conveys unquestionably the notion of sacredness (Matthew 21:42; John 5:39; Acts 18:24).

C. The LXX manuscript and the Early Church witness. Before bound books were invented, it was necessary to write them on several scrolls, or in Mesopotamia on several clay tablets. To show the connection between individual scrolls or tablets the catch-line principle was often adopted. Catholics add the seven deuterocanonical books (listed below), which were written in Greek and included in the Septuagint. 1. The first 5 books of the Catholic bible are called the Pentateuch. cit. The same situation applies to the NT. All rights reserved. In view of these uncertainties among critical scholars, it seems worthwhile to gather some of the evidences that the historical books, the Psalms and the early prophets clearly allude to and quote from the Pentateuch including “P,” or the allegedly postexilic Tetrateuch of the Swedish school. Tobias (or Tobit) emphasizes the importance of the sanctity of marriage, parental respect, angelic intercession, as well as prayer, fasting, and almsgiving for the expiation of sins, as noted in the Archangel Raphael's speech in Tobias 12:9.

Summary. According to a certain class of theologians the several books of the Old Testament were composed by authors who were conscious not only of their inspiration but also that their writings were destined to be handed down to the church of future generations as sacred. For instance, the DSS of Isaiah with sixty-six chs., was twenty-four ft. long. Sundberg would say that actually when Christ referred to the “law and the prophets” he did not mean the whole OT, but only the five books of law and eight books of Prophets in the Heb. The Pentateuch, then, was canonized at 400 b.c. Accordingly Christ at the Last Supper speaks of the blood of the new testament. When all the witnesses have been examined, we shall probably discover that the Law was canonized first, the Prophets considerably later, and the Writings last of all. Psalm 106 gives a detailed history of Moses’ leading the people out of Egypt, and remarks that at the Red Sea Israel believed God’s word, but later when they refused to enter Pal. The word "canon" is of Christian origin, from the Greek word kanon, which in turn is probably borrowed from the Hebrew word, qaneh, meaning a reed or measuring rod, hence, norm or rule. Regarding the claims of the books themselves, they are not always appreciated. If this were written in a.d. 90 by Josephus, the Jewish canon was settled well before the Christians parted company from the Jews. The Trial of Joan of Arc Formed his own canon of scripture to support his doctrine. Oehler modifies this explanation, claiming that the threefold division of the canon corresponds to the three stages of development in the religion of Israel, namely, Mosaism, Prophetism, and Hebraism. There are many other cases of allusions to the history and wording of the Pentateuch, in the Psalms, and the early prophetical books written prob. Sundberg assumes that the category of “Prophets” a.d. 50 was the same eight books denominated “Prophets” by the Talmud hundreds of years later. The New Testament, unlike the Old was revealed over a much shorter time, a … Why Does the Roman Catholic Church Accept the Books of the ... The Book of Wisdom is witness to the trend in post-exilic Second-Temple Judaism that looked forward to life after death: immortality is a reward of the just (3:1-4, 19). It would be gratifying to say that the case is closed; all the OT books were written by prophets and were for this reason accepted by the faithful in the nation. This is the situation one should expect if the order of the books was unimportant and variable from the start. 4). The Alexandrian canon is pure theory, and the NT gives it no support. period. He freely confesses that full information on the OT canon is no longer available.

67-72; [ed. Books of the Catholic Bible In old Heb. But Chronicles after each king of Judah (no detailed history of the northern kings is given) cites a different history book as its source. There is a further consequence to the view that there is no essential difference between the prophetic authorship of books of the second and third division of the Heb. the canon of the Bible and how did The Orthodox Churches have retained the entire Septuagint for their canon of the Old Testament to the... Wisdom,. from 3rd German ed., 1964); R. L. Harris, “Was the Law and the Prophets Two Thirds of the Canon?” ETSB IX (1966), 163-171. The school of thought often called higher criticism includes several varied positions. First the Pentateuch was canonized about 400 b.c. And it may further become evident that the two last divisions were collected synchronously, and hence, that the tripartite divisions of the canon are due to material differences in their contents as well as to chronology. It was this which made them canonical.

Some few scholars once held that Ecclesiastes was written in the days of Herod the Great. This Biblical view is held by many, and with the others must be considered further. In view of the contemporary Qumran evidence, the books thus referred to must surely be our OT. Kingdom, Covenants & Canon of the Old Testament: The Old Testament Canon. must be dealt with briefly. Second Esdras itself is a Jewish work of unknown origin, but with Christian interpolation.

The absence in the NT of a direct quotation from, for example, the prophet Nahum does not remove his work from the list of canonical books. Sirach offers both moral instruction and a history of the patriarchs and leaders of Israel. The pre-exilic evidence agrees with that of the Chronicles at 400 b.c. canon in arguing with Hebrews. 4 Esdras, which is the oldest (85-96 AD) witness to the number of books in the Old Testament, gives 24. ; the New Testament is separated from the New Testament by a 450-year period known as the Inter-testimonial period. in the NT including some 135 entries taken from the margins of Nestle’s Greek Testament. Commenting on Amos 5:26, it remarks: “The Books of the Law are the Tabernacle of the King...and the Chiun of the images, they are the books of the prophets” (Col. vii, 15-17, Rabin, The Zadokite Documents [1954], 28-30).

Bibles consists of history books (Joshua-2 Kings) and hardly fits Zechariah’s description. The apocryphal books also add something to our knowledge. The Old Testament was revealed over a thousand year period, 1450 B.C.

The Masoretic Hebrew Text of Galilee developed from the eighth through tenth of Baruch. The historical Psalms 78, 105, 106, 135, and 136—repeat the same story, once with an actual quotation (Ps 135:14=Deut 32:36). The OT itself gives no indication of divisions, except that the law of Moses is repeatedly set apart. cit. This view must be studied in the various OT Introductions and esp.

In this case it seems remarkable that Deuteronomy alone was joined with Genesis-Numbers in the first unit canonized. Old Testament Book Summaries Essay 861 Words | 4 Pages. Note the other reference of Psalm 68 to the Song of Deborah, Judges 5:4, 5 mentioned above. W. H. Green (op.

The question of the apocryphal books and NT quotations. This last section repeats Psalms 96:1-13; 105:1-15; 106:1, 2, 48 and calls them Davidic. These books bore indeed in themselves from the first those characteristics on account of which they were subsequently admitted into the sacred collection, but yet always had first to pass through a shorter or longer period of verification, and make trial of the Divine power resident within them upon the hearts of the church before they were outwardly and formally acknowledged by it as Divine books." Basil the Great, a second of the Cappadocians and good friend of Gregory, cites the number of the OT books as twenty-two, though he does not give a list, and the great John Chrysostom remarks that “all the books of the OT were originally written in Hebrew as all among us confess” (quoted in Green, op. Standard OT introductions are available on the subject.


during the monarchy. First and Second Maccabees are historical works which describe the end of persecution by the Seleucid King Antiochus IV Epiphanes through Mattathias and his sons the Maccabees. The Protestant Old Testament consists of thirty-nine books in Hebrew or Aramaic and constitutes the Jewish and Protestant canon (termed " TaNaK " or the Hebrew Scriptures " by Jews). The implication, against the background of the history cited, is that Israel refused God’s word spoken by Moses. King Cyrus of Persia allowed the people of the Babylonian Exile to return to Jerusalem and Judah.

Metzger says, “Nowhere in the NT is there a direct quotation from the canonical books of Joshua, Judges, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Obadiah, Zephaniah and Nahum; and NT allusions to them are few in number” (B. M. Metzger, op. There are other interrelations of OT books. The whole process of preservation of the ancient texts through so many years, so much faithlessness and such bitter persecution was overseen by God’s providence. Also how does one know that the author of Judges, who is unknown, had the office of a prophet any more than the author of Job? Nowhere is this more specific than in the Books of Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah. Usually the statement is made that the NT cites only the OT books as authoritative. William Henry Green also faced the facts that the present Heb. arises from, or at least is the explanation of the fact that the LXX copies contained these other books for edification which were not held as authoritative for the first three centuries of Christendom. Joshua wrote Moses’ law on plastered stones as Moses had commanded (8:34; Deut 27:1-28:68, etc.). Note that the Book of Joshua ends with Joshua’s death (Josh 24:29-31). Acts. Still later others divided Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah and Jeremiah-Lamentations into two books each respectively and thereby obtained 27, which they fancifully regarded as equivalent to the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet plus 5, the number of letters having a peculiar final form when standing at the end of a word. They are aware that the Temple was built only in the time of Solomon but the law is called Mosaic in all its parts. That is to say, just as certain garments worn by worshippers in encircling the sacred Kaaba at Mecca are taboo to the Mohammedans of today, i.e. Isaiah saw the growing Babylonian menace, rebuked Hezekiah for toying with a treaty with Merodach-baladan, the Babylonian rebel against Sennacherib, and was shown by God’s revelation the woes of the Babylonian Captivity to come and God’s deliverance from it.

Extensive evidence was given above to show that there is no early evidence to limit the canon of the Prophets to the eight books named in the Talmud division. It is clear that conservative and liberal Christians approach the subject of the OT canon from very different viewpoints. Kings was late; Hosea, Amos, Micah, and the “first” Isaiah were early. Josephus and Philo use still a third designation. Those who heard the Apostle Paul speak with power evidently accepted his epistle without delay or demur. He also refers to the wars fought by Barak against Sisera, by Gideon (called Jerubbaal) and by Jephthah. This may have been done through carelessness, faulty memory, accommodation, or what not; but Jerome’s principles are crystal clear in his repeated and explicit testimonies. Bible. century AD confirmed the Hebrew canon for Judaism. The Qumran Manual of Discipline at the very beginning refers to the commandments of God “through Moses and through all his servants the prophets” (1QS, Col 1, 3). In the Psalms, one poem is attributed to “Moses, the man of God” (Ps 90). Other examples could be given, although all prophets are not always as detailed in speaking of their call. For the OT He repeatedly and in detail approved of a sacred corpus which had been written and whose limits can with extreme confidence be described as the thirty-nine books of the Eng. Chronicles would easily be displaced from the Prophets as it overlaps Samuel-Kings too much to be used in synagogue reading. New Testament The table of Quotations and allusions in Nestle’s Gr. It seems clear that they are not referred to merely for lack of occasion. The concept of a prophet. The Hebrew Bible, like the Hebrew calendar, is based on cycles. No one but Moses knew the things here written. 5.

Later certain Jewish authorities appended Ru to Judges, and Lamentations to Jer, and thereby obtained the number 22, which corresponded to the number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet; but this manner of counting was secondary and fanciful. Older critics said that the Pentateuch was written by four or more authors or schools of authors (J, E, D, and P) as late as 1000 years after Moses. Furthermore, there were also secular texts found with the sacred scrolls. Jeremiah also quotes from Hosea (Jer 30:9=Hos 3:5) and from Numbers (Jer 48:45a, 46=Num 21:28, 29). The threefold division - and original order - of Hebrew Scripture was evident at the time of Jesus, who referred to "the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms" (Luke 24:44).
After about a.d. 100 books began to be bound in the codex form instead of scrolls, the order would tend to become more stereotyped, but since even the codices were copied by hand there was still some variation. The biblical canon is the collection of scriptural books that God has given his corporate people. Resurrection and ascension. When and by Whom Was the

Jerome states that 22 is the correct reckoning, but he adds, "Some count both Ru and Lamentations among the Hagiographa, and so get 24." In some cases 1, 2 Esdras may mean the apocryphal 1 Esdras and the united books of Ezra-Nehemiah. The trial record, which sometimes preserves Joan's very words, unveils her life, character, visions, and motives in fascinating detail. Here is one of our richest sources for the life of a medieval woman. A biblical canon, also called canon of scripture, is a set of texts (or "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as authoritative scripture. Esdras is Ezra and Nehemiah combined. Samuel’s speech in 1 Samuel 12 has already been cited for the Pentateuch. The Formation of the Biblical Canon: The Old Testament, Its Authority and Canonicity. Again in Col. viii, 15, 16 there is a reference to “the Law which God commanded through Moses” and “what the prophets also have revealed through God’s holy Spirit” (conveniently given in T. H. Gaster, The Dead Sea Scriptures [1964], pp. The Old Testament - A Brief Overview. Still other books, called “Writings” in the Heb. The second deportation occurred during the invasion in 597 BC, and the third major deportation to Babylon occurred following the destruction of The Kethubhim, or Writings, were 11 in all, including Psalms, Proverbs, and Job, the five Meghilloth or Rolls (Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther), Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, counted as one book, and 1 and 2 Chronicles, also counted as one book; in all 24 books, exactly the same as those of the Protestant canon.

To be more specific: The conservative scholar has always believed that the OT is what it says it is, and that it arose in the way it claims. The bearing of the above study on the OT canon is obvious: the OT books were written as they claim, stage by stage and year by year throughout Israel’s history from Moses on down to the later prophets. The early authors say that some books might be read for edification, but may not be used to establish doctrine. is a most explicit witness against the Apoc. The Law and the Prophets: A Study in Old Testament Canon ... From it there were two lines of development, one objective, the Prophets, the other subjective, the Writings. Based on this evidence, the following summary can be created related to the case for the reliability of the Old Testament: (1) The Old Testament Has Been Faithfully Transmitted

2). This would seem to strengthen the idea that Josephus’ listing was not merely an individual idiosyncrasy. cit., p. 165). The Council of Laodicea (AD 363) concluded that only the Old Testament (along with the Apocrypha) and the twenty-seven books of the New Testament were to be read in the churches. and was canonized rather promptly after that. Former Prophets that are part of the Historical Books, and the Latter Prophets comprising the Major Prophets and the Prophets of the Book of the Twelve. In many cases he also used the histories written by successive prophets. Rather it suggests that the author of the history of David in Samuel was using the catch-line principle. He evidently thought the apocryphal books were later additions to the LXX. The book also notes that all living creatures reflect the perfection of the Creator (Wisdom 13:5). The Pentateuch Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy: The first five Old Testament books are known as the books of the Law, or the Pentateuch or the Torah. Numbers 10:35 (J, E) is quoted by Psalm 68:1, 2, a Psalm studied linguistically by W. F. Albright and dated to the early Monarchy (“A Catalogue of Early Hebrew Lyric Poems,” HUCA XXIII [1950-51], 10). The Tripartite Division of the Old Testament: The Jews early divided the Old Testament writings into three classes: (3) the Kethubhim, or Writings, called in Greek the Hagiographa. This view was propounded by Moses Stuart (The OT Canon [1849], 248ff.) It is certain that hundreds of spoken sermons of Christ have perished because they were never recorded; yet they were inspired. One probable reason why there was division of opinion on this book is its apocryphal additions, both in the beginning of the book and elsewhere which are not found in the Heb.

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