viral hepatitis articles

Innovations in testing and sampling approaches have the potential to increase access to testing and reduce the large burden of undiagnosed infection. “I will choose when to test, where I want to test”: investigating young people’s preferences for HIV self-testing in Malawi and Zimbabwe. 2016: Geneva. Geneva, 2021. WHO. Viral hepatitis is either transmitted through contaminated food or water (A, E) or via blood and body fluids (B, C). The route of transmission of hepatitis C is not completely clear but is believed to be similar to that of . 2017: Geneva. In the 1980s, these grassroots activities were expanded across Japan, leading to the establishment of more than 30 local patient associations for viral hepatitis. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 1.34 million deaths due to viral . Dr. Roberts: The overall goal of our work is to achieve a world without viral hepatitis. However, the hepatotropic viruses, termed A to E, are the most common culprits. 2016;5(2):a556. 2017; Geneva. These needs can include enhanced technical features and functions, integration with other systems or be financial in nature. Based on country commitments to date, at least 4 million HIVST kits are expected to be procured by donor-funded programmes from July 2017 to the end of 2018 [33]. 2014;30(4):724–34. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect you when you also have a hepatitis B virus infection. The virus is most commonly transmitted from mother to child during birth and delivery, as well as through contact with blood or other body fluids during sex with an infected partner, unsafe injections or exposures to sharp instruments. Connectivity solutions can also improve the turn-around time of external quality assessment result submissions and allow corrective actions to be provided immediately [64]. 2021;28:12–9. In a survey among MSM in the UK, the primary perceived benefit of HIVST was privacy and confidentiality, with convenience cited as another benefit among those who had difficulty accessing services [32]. Tucker JD, Wei C, Pendse R, Lo Y-R. HIV self-testing among key populations: an implementation science approach to evaluating self-testing. UNITAID. Advances in rapid detection technology have created new opportunities for enhancing access to testing and care, as well as . Inflammation can damage organs. This article explores 'imaginings' around hepatitis B in Burkina Faso and their historical genealogies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. In 2010, the nucleos(t)ide analogues for chronic HBV infection also became eligible for the governmental subsidization, effectively ensuring more equitable access to the anti-HBV therapy. As twin epidemics in key populations, combination integrated multi-disease blood or oral based assays that allow for integrated testing of HIV, HBV and HCV using a single sample would improve the efficiency of screening programmes. PubMed Central  Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Examples of these innovations include HIV self-testing, mobile health applications, integration and co-location of HIV/AIDS tuberculosis and drug treatment services [17,18,19,20]. Lancet Infect Dis. J Clin Virol. Considerations for adoption and use of multidisease testing devices in integrated laboratory networks. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. World Health Organization, UNITAID. World Health Organization. It remains unclear whether self-testing might play a similar role in promoting uptake of viral hepatitis testing among high risk populations. There is an evolving pipeline of other POC technologies for assessment of HCV viral load, and UNITAID will publish an updated landscape report on HCV diagnostics by the end of 2017 [14]. Trop Med Health 49, 79 (2021). 2016;20(8):1004–9. Researchers have discovered several different viruses that cause hepatitis, . Epub 2016 May 23. Ideal sources for Wikipedia's health content are defined in the guideline Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) and are typically review articles. Donors and manufacturers also need to recognise and support the added value of platform sharing towards health system strengthening as well as more predictable reagent forecasting. A large burden of undiagnosed hepatitis virus cases remains globally. Inflammation is swelling that occurs when tissues of the body become injured or infected. HEV is now recognized as a global health problem in both developing and . This means that people usually get better without treatment after a few weeks. Fisher and colleagues examined the sensitivity and specificity of different multiplex POC tests including MedMira rapid antibody test (whole blood; HIV/ HCV, HBV/HIV/HCV), Chembio (whole blood, oral specimens; HCV, HIV/HCV, HIV/HCV/Syphilis), OraSure (whole blood; HCV) [37]. The availability of connectivity solutions that can be installed on both high-throughput and POC devices may improve optimization of central supply chain and procurement mechanisms, by linking consumption data across multiple testing sites and for multiple diseases [64]. J Clin Microbiol. The causative agent, an adenovirus, is not infectious to humans. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. logistics and human resources) to achieve sharing across disease programmes. Abstract. Bull World Health Organ. Geneva, 2016. WHO. A lot of people who have hepatitis are not aware that they have it. Cookies policy. Publication of this article was funded by the World Health Organization. Two hundred and three (203) relevant articles/abstracts including Suthar AB1, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, Doherty MC, Negussie EK. 2015;1(1):38–42. Review. We therefore conducted this study to summarize and update the available information on HBV infection burden (prevalence) in Ghana from 2015-2019.We systematically . Viral hepatitis (a disease caused due to liver inflammation) is amongst leading human global health threats. To better understand the successful control of viral hepatitis in Japan, it is important to recognize the role of the patient association for viral hepatitis, known as the “Japan Hepatitis Council”, which celebrates its 50th anniversary in 2021. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Hepatitis A is a viral infection of the liver that is spread person-to-person and via contaminated food and water. Truenat HCV is a chip based PCR test that runs on Molbio’s Truelab Uno Dx microPCR device, and uses the Trueprep Auto Sample station that automatically prepares the sample in approximately 20 min. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In addition, Dr. Mohamed is a recent graduate of the Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. program in Clinical and Translational Science. Freiman JM, Tran TM, Schumacher SG, White LF, Ongarello S, Cohn J, et al. 2016;11(9):e0162713. Accessed Aug 2017. Am J Gastroenterol. J Clin Virol. This strategy has been effective in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HBV, but left most children susceptible to horizontal transmission. The company Molbio (Molbio Diagnostics Pvt. 2017 Jan;17(1):e26–9. These include the use of non-invasive sampling with oral fluid and potential self-testing among marginalized populations, although linkage to care will still represent a challenge. Types B and C are both acquired by exposure to blood or blood products, or unsafe injections. Google Scholar. High acceptability of self-testing for HIV status using an oral fluid-based RDT was observed among pregnant women in rural India [31]. Viral hepatitis is caused by a virus and can either be acute (lasting less than six months) or chronic (lasting more than six months). However, in pregnant women, HEV infection can be severe and has been associated with up to 30% mortality in the third trimester. De Cock KM, Simone PM, Davison V, Slutsker L. The new Global Health. Japan Hepatitis Council, 4-27-5-201 Shimo-ochiai, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 161-0033, Japan, Unité d’Épidémiologie des Maladies Émergentes, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France, You can also search for this author in "There are established treatments for hepatitis as well as vaccines for prevention. Sylla L, Bruce RD, Kamarulzaman A, Altice FL. Epub 2008 Sep 17, CAS  2017;95(8):584–93. Google Scholar, Vermehren J, Kau A, Gärtner BC, Göbel R, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C. Differences between two real-time PCR-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) assays (RealTime HCV and Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan) and one signal amplification assay (versant HCV RNA 3.0) for RNA detection and quantification. Viral hepatitis can be spread from person to person. Google Scholar. Epub 2007 Jun 13, Article  Chronic viral hepatitis causes scarring or cirrhosis of the liver, which damages the liver and keeps it from functioning as it should. Johnson CC, et al. Public Health Rep. 2016;131(Suppl 2):35–40. Virological and epidemiological characteristics. Following strong advocacy from the JHC and professional bodies, the government finally adopted universal infant hepatitis B vaccination in October 2016 [8]. Global TB Programme and Department of HIV/AIDS. Certain commercial HCVcAg assays had a high sensitivity (up to 93.4%) and a high specificity (> 98%) [13]. 2016;16:1325. Rockstroh JK, Feld JJ, Chevaliez S, Cheng K, Wedemeyer H, Sarrazin C, Maasoumy B, Herman C, Hackett J Jr, Cohen DE, Dawson GJ, Cloherty G, Pawlotsky JM. Data connectivity: A critical tool for external quality assessment. The lower limit of detection was in the 10 to 15 IU/mL range for most qualitative assays, and 600–1100 IU/mL for quantitative assays. Dr. Roberts leads a research group trying to better understand, treat and prevent viral hepatitis in communities of people who most need this medical care. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/hepatitis/hepatitis-b-guidelines/en/, Accessed 20 June 2016. There are well recognized research gaps in viral hepatitis diagnostics and many of these were highlighted throughout the WHO testing guidelines for chronic hepatitis B and C. These include both development of new innovative technologies, and high quality demonstration projects and implementation science to evaluate performance, impact and costs. A diverse group of viruses, spreading through different routes and having a wide range of reservoirs may cause hepatitis in humans, accounting for death and disability, as well as a huge economic loss. Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can cause hepatitis. A timely hepatitis B vaccination of newborns, plus vaccination during school years and the adequate diagnosis and treatment of mothers living with chronic hepatitis B during pregnancy can reduce mother-to-child transmission of the infection more than 95% of the time and break the cycle of transmission across . Most of the study subjects with false negative OraQuick test results had serological and virological results consistent with resolved infection. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 2014;28(Suppl 2):S175–85. HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing. Second, the high rates of cure with DAA regimens means that only a single test of cure is required and no on-treatment monitoring. Hepatitis C can be cured; a once-daily medication taken by mouth for 8-12 weeks can cure most people who are infected with hepatitis C. In 2019, 9.4 million people were receiving treatment for chronic HCV infection, greater than a nine-fold increase since 2015 . doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001516. In the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends screening all adults for hepatitis C and all people who were born or lived in a country with a high prevalence of hepatitis B. In Mozambique, it was demonstrated that POC HIV viral load testing is operationally feasible at the primary health care level [46]. The availability of a highly accurate immunoassay that can perform quantitative HCV cAg assays would be valuable in settings where NAT or near-NAT is not accessible, especially if it can reduce the cost of monitoring. Terms and Conditions, Open Forum Infect Dis. Japan is one of a handful of countries currently on track to achieve the WHO hepatitis elimination targets by 2030. Including the voice of people living with viral hepatitis: lessons learned from Japan to accelerate progress towards global hepatitis elimination. PubMed Central  Other recommended interventions to promote uptake of hepatitis testing and linkage to care include peer and lay health worker support in community-based settings, clinician reminders to offer testing, and testing as part of integrated services, alongside the use of different media strategies to promote awareness about hepatitis in the general population [6, 15, 59, 60]. We're working with people who have not been historically part of clinical research, and they have a very leery perspective on it. Data and materials can be shared upon request. A further innovation in HCV serology is a combination RDT for the simultaneous detection of anti-HCV and core antigen, allowing for early detection of recent HCV infection. Japan’s unique experience sheds light on the importance of including the voice of people living with viral hepatitis in the decision-making process for ensuring equitable access to hepatitis services. PubMed  Some types of viral hepatitis can be spread through sexual contact. Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study. Ascletis Pharma Inc. and Suzhou Alphamab Co., Ltd. jointly announce that Ascletis' subsidiary and Suzhou Alphamab have entered into an exclusive and worldwide license agreement outside Greater China for ASC22 to treat all viral diseases including Hepatitis B. ASC22, also known as KN035, is a first-in-class subcutaneously injected PD-L1 antibody. I. 2013: Geneva. statement and It rarely develops into a serious or chronic condition and can be prevented with . In the United States, viral hepatitis is usually caused by the hepatitis A, B, or C virus. External quality assurance for HIV point-of-care testing in Africa: A collaborative country-partner approach to strengthen diagnostic services. Accessed Sep 2017. Global Grand Challenges. Guo T, Patnaik R, Kuhlmann K, Rai AJ, Sia SK. October 12, 2021. Accessed Feb 2017. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000259. The case for simplifying and using absolute targets for viral hepatitis elimination goals. In 2004, pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin was approved and integrated into the Japanese social health insurance system to treat chronic HCV. In addition to the use of multidisease combo RDTs, several laboratory molecular platforms allow for use of several disease-specific assays on the same platform. Shang H, ed. eCollection 2015. "Hepatitis B profile costs P1,800; ultrasound, P450; hepatitis B viral load, P4,500; viral load for hepatitis C, P6,500; and genotyping, P14,350… Lacombe K.HCV Ag quantification as a one-step procedure in diagnosing chronic hepatitis C infection in Cameroon: the ANRS 12336 study. World Health Organization, Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis. The greatest impact of the Japan Hepatitis Council has been in achieving wider access to antiviral treatments for viral hepatitis. The same sample referral system can be used across diseases and improve efficiencies in sample workflow. Table 1 summarises the included studies - the sensitivity of HCV viral quantitative assays was 87–100% compared to qualitative assays and most assays were able to detect all genotypes [9,10,11,12]. Springer Nature. Ho J, Byrne AL, Linh NN, Jaramillo E, Fox GJ. This article examines a range of other technological innovations that can be leveraged to provide more affordable and simplified approaches to testing for HBV and HCV infection and monitoring of treatment response. Inflammation is swelling that occurs when tissues of the body become injured or infected. Viral Hepatitis in HIV Infection List of authors. RDTs increase testing opportunities as their simplicity and flexibility allows use of multiple specimen types (e.g. Type B in particular can be transmitted sexually. The availability of DBS, both for serology testing and NAT, could allow a one-sampling strategy where the same DBS card is initially used with serology for screening and then reflex to NAT in those samples that are antibody positive. The researchers made use of Mayo's Clinical Research and Trials Unit to support their work. Lamoury FMJ, Soker A, Martinez D, Hajarizadeh B, Cunningham EB, Cunningham P, Bruggmann P, Foster GR, Dalgard O, Backmund M, Conway B, Robaeys G, Swan T, Cloherty G, Marks P, Grebely J, Dore GJ, Applegate TL. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.032. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30212-2. Integration and co-location of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and drug treatment services. Additionally, HEV infection in pregnancy is also associated with high rates of preterm labor and vertical transmission. 2015;2(3):ofv101. 2013;19(8):1192–7. Learn about viral hepatitis, statistics, surveillance, resources, populations and impact. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. A large burden of undiagnosed hepatitis virus cases remains globally. To better understand the successful control of viral hepatitis in Japan, it is essential to recognize the important role of local civil societies, particularly that of the patient association for viral hepatitis (currently known as the Japan Hepatitis Council, JHC), which this year celebrates its 50th anniversary. Here in Minnesota, if you're from one of these immigrant communities, you're three or four times more likely to develop liver cancer than the rest of the population. 2017: Geneva. ABSTRACT: Viral hepatitis is one of the most common and potentially serious infections that can occur in pregnant women. A global systematic review. Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Thanks to a vaccine, hepatitis A is not very common in the United States. Despite the growing momentum created by the WHO for eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, the global response is still slow and more actions are needed to meet the elimination goals, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. On a larger scale, communities should be included in policy and advocacy work. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. STAGES OF VIRAL HEPATITIS. The fourth generation Ab-Ag assays are based on the concurrent detection of core Ag and anti-HCV and become positive as early as the HCV RNA assay. This article is designed to give the reader an overview of the predominant viruses that cause viral hepatitis, their symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments, and should help the reader choose the subject(s) for more in-depth . The membership peaked in 2004 with over 10,000 members, and has since declined to 3500 members in 2020. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) plays a central role in both mechanisms of cell death. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169765. Additional areas to ensure successful adoption of new technologies include strengthening laboratory support systems, such as sample transport, quality management, and training. Early detection allows more effective treatment and improves long-term survival. Gaudy C, Thevenas C, Tichet J, Mariotte N, Goudeau A, Dubois F. Usefulness of the hepatitis C core antigen assay for screening a population undergoing routine medical checkup. However, in pregnant women, HEV infection can be severe and has been associated with up to 30% mortality in the third trimester. Public Health Rep. 2016;131(Suppl 2):29–34. 1995;181:1047-58. The carrier state in viral hepatitis. Accessed Jul 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2775-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2775-0. Sábato MF1, Shiffman ML, Langley MR, Wilkinson DS, Ferreira-Gonzalez A. California Privacy Statement, 2017;20:21594. Hepatitis is an infection of the liver caused by one of several viruses, the most common of which are named hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis A is spread mainly through contaminated food and water, whereas hepatitis B is transmitted by sexual contact and use of contaminated needles. There are five known hepatitis viruses which are categorized by the letters A through E. Advances in rapid detection technology have created new opportunities for enhancing access to testing and care, as well as monitoring of treatment. Contributed / Mayo Clinic, 1700 Greenview Dr SW, alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can . Emerg Infect Dis. Serological assays are typically used as the first line of the testing strategy to screen for exposure to a virus and detect the host immune response (antibodies to HCV) or a viral antigen (HBsAg, HCVcAg). The Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), through a grant from UNITAID, is supporting manufacturers with the evaluation and optimization of both serology and molecular assays using DBS specimens.

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